KUSANTHULA KAYENDEDWE KA ZIPANGIZO ZA MATAMBA OBWEZERA

● Angathe kusindikiza mapangidwe okongola.

●Imakhala nthawi yayitali (miyezi 6-12) kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo ndi yosavuta kutseka ndi kutsegula.

●Sikufunikira kuzizira, zomwe zimapulumutsa ndalama zosungirako

●Ndi yoyenera kulongedza zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga nyama ndi nkhuku, zinthu zam'madzi, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zakudya zosiyanasiyana za chimanga, ndi supu.

●Ikhoza kutenthedwa pamodzi ndi phukusi kuti kukoma kusatayike, makamaka koyenera ntchito yakumunda, maulendo, ndi chakudya chankhondo.

Kupanga kwathunthu thumba lophikira, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa zomwe zili mkati, chitsimikizo cha khalidwe la kumvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe ka chinthucho, substrate ndi inki, kusankha zomatira, njira yopangira, kuyesa chinthucho, kulongedza ndi kuwongolera njira yoyeretsera, ndi zina zotero, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka chinthucho, kapangidwe kake ndi kofunika kwambiri, kotero uku ndi kusanthula kwakukulu, osati kungosanthula kapangidwe ka chinthucho, komanso kusanthula momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito, Chitetezo ndi ukhondo, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zina zotero.

1. Kuonongeka kwa Chakudya ndi Kuyeretsa
Anthu amakhala m'malo ozungulira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chilengedwe chonse cha dziko lapansi chili m'mabakiteriya osawerengeka, chakudya chikaberekana mopitirira malire enaake, chakudyacho chidzawonongeka ndipo sichidzadyedwa.

Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chakudya kwa mabakiteriya wamba ndi pseudomonas, vibrio, zonse sizimatentha, ma enterobacteria pa kutentha kwa 60 ℃ kwa mphindi 30 amafa, lactobacilli mitundu ina imatha kupirira kutentha kwa 65 ℃, kwa mphindi 30. Bacillus nthawi zambiri imatha kupirira kutentha kwa 95-100 ℃, kutentha kwa mphindi zingapo, ochepa amatha kupirira kutentha kwa 120 ℃ pansi pa mphindi 20. Kuwonjezera pa mabakiteriya, palinso bowa wambiri mu chakudya, kuphatikizapo Trichoderma, yisiti ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwala, mpweya, kutentha, chinyezi, PH ndi zina zotero zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chakudya, koma chinthu chachikulu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kuphika kutentha kwambiri kuti kuphe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yosungira chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kuyeretsa zakudya kungagawidwe m'magawo 72 ℃ pasteurization, 100 ℃ boliding sterilization, 121 ℃ high-temperature cooking sterilization, 135 ℃ high-temperature cooking sterilization ndi 145 ℃ ultra-high-temperature sterilization instantaneous, komanso opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito sterilization yosakhala yachizolowezi ya pafupifupi 110 ℃. Malinga ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe mungasankhe sterilization, sterilization yovuta kwambiri ya Clostridium botulinum ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1.

Gome 1 Nthawi yomwe spores za Clostridium botulinum zimafa poyerekeza ndi kutentha

kutentha℃	100	105	110	115	120	125	130	135
Nthawi ya imfa (mphindi)	330	100	32	10	4	Zaka za m'ma 80	30s	10s

2. Makhalidwe a Chikwama cha Nthunzi

Matumba ophikira otentha kwambiri okhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

Ntchito yonyamula katundu kwa nthawi yayitali, kusungira bwino, kupewa kukula kwa mabakiteriya, kukana kuyeretsa kutentha kwambiri, ndi zina zotero.

Ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana choyenera kupakidwa chakudya nthawi yomweyo.

Mayeso a kapangidwe kake ka PET/zomatira/zomatira za aluminiyamu/guluu womatira/nayiloni/RCPP

Chikwama chobwezera kutentha kwambiri chokhala ndi kapangidwe ka magawo atatu PET/AL/RCPP

MALANGIZO A ZINTHU

(1) Filimu ya PET
Filimu ya BOPET ili ndi imodzi mwamphamvu zazikulu kwambiri zokokaya mafilimu onse apulasitiki, ndipo imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za zinthu zoonda kwambiri zokhala ndi kulimba kwambiri komanso kulimba.

Kulimbana bwino ndi kuzizira ndi kutentha.Kutentha koyenera kwa filimu ya BOPET ndi kuyambira 70℃ mpaka 150℃, komwe kumatha kusunga mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu ndipo ndikoyenera ma phukusi ambiri azinthu.

Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa zotchinga.Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yoteteza madzi ndi mpweya, mosiyana ndi nayiloni yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chinyezi, kukana kwake madzi kuli kofanana ndi PE, ndipo mphamvu yake yolowera mpweya ndi yochepa kwambiri. Ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yoteteza mpweya ndi fungo, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo zosungira fungo.

Kukana mankhwala, kukana mafuta ndi mafuta, zosungunulira zambiri komanso kumachepetsa ma acid ndi alkali.

(2) Filimu ya Bopa
Makanema a BOPA ali ndi kulimba kwabwino kwambiri.Mphamvu yokoka, mphamvu yong'ambika, mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yophulika ndi zina mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki.

Kusinthasintha kwakukulu, kukana mabowo, komanso zovuta zomwe zili mkati mwa kubowola, ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha BOPA, kusinthasintha kwabwino, komanso kumapangitsa kuti phukusi likhale lomveka bwino.

Makhalidwe abwino otchinga, kusunga fungo labwino, kukana mankhwala ena kupatula ma asidi amphamvu, makamaka kukana mafuta bwino.
Ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana komwe kumagwira ntchito komanso kutentha kosungunuka kwa 225°C, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa -60°C ndi 130°C. Kapangidwe ka BOPA kamasungidwa kutentha kotsika komanso kokwera.

Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka filimu ya BOPA kamakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chinyezi, ndipo kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zotchinga zimakhudzidwa ndi chinyezi. Pambuyo poti filimu ya BOPA yanyowa, kuwonjezera pa makwinya, nthawi zambiri imatambasuka mopingasa. Kufupikitsa kwa kutalika, kuchuluka kwa kutalika kufika pa 1%.

(3) filimu ya CPP polypropylene, kukana kutentha kwambiri, kugwira ntchito bwino kotseka kutentha;
Filimu ya CPP yomwe imapangidwa ndi filimu ya polypropylene, filimu yophikira ya CPP yogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira copolypropylene zosasinthika, thumba la filimuyi lopangidwa ndi kutentha kwa 121-125 ℃ limatha kupirira mphindi 30-60.
Filimu yophikira ya CPP yotentha kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira za copolypropylene, yopangidwa ndi matumba a filimu imatha kupirira kutentha kwa 135 ℃, kwa mphindi 30.

Zofunikira pakuchita bwino ndi izi: Kutentha kwa malo ofewa a Vicat kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kutentha kophikira, kukana kugwedezeka kuyenera kukhala kwabwino, kukana bwino kwa media, fish-eye ndi crystal point kuyenera kukhala kochepa momwe zingathere.

Imatha kupirira kutentha kwa 121 ℃ 0.15Mpa chifukwa cha kupanikizika, imasunga mawonekedwe a chakudya, kukoma kwake, ndipo filimuyo sidzasweka, sidzagwa, kapena kumatirira, ndipo imakhala yolimba bwino; nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi filimu ya nayiloni kapena polyester, yokhala ndi supu, komanso ma meatball, ma dumplings, mpunga, ndi zakudya zina zozizira zomwe zimakonzedwa.

(4) Zojambula za Aluminiyamu
Chojambula cha aluminiyamu ndiye chokhacho chachitsulo chomwe chili mu zinthu zomangira zosinthika, chojambula cha aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo, chimatsekereza madzi, chimatsekereza mpweya, chimatsekereza kuwala, chimasunga kukoma kwake ndi chinthu china chilichonse chomwe chili mu phukusi. Chojambula cha aluminiyamu ndiye chokhacho chachitsulo chomwe chili mu zinthu zomangira zosinthika. Chimatha kupirira kutentha kwa 121 ℃ 0.15Mpa chifukwa chophika movutikira, kuonetsetsa kuti chakudyacho chili ndi mawonekedwe, kukoma, ndipo filimuyo sidzasweka, kuchotsedwa, kapena kumamatira, chimakhala chokhazikika bwino; nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi filimu ya nayiloni kapena polyester, chomangira chokhala ndi supu, ndi mipira ya nyama, ma dumplings, mpunga ndi zakudya zina zozizira zomwe zakonzedwa.

(5) INK
Matumba a nthunzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito inki yopangidwa ndi polyurethane posindikiza, amafunika zinthu zosungunulira zochepa, mphamvu yayikulu yophatikizana, palibe kusintha kwa mtundu mukaphika, palibe delamination, makwinya, monga kutentha kophikira kupitirira 121 ℃, kuchuluka kwa hardener kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti inkiyo isamatenthe kwambiri.

Ukhondo wa inki ndi wofunika kwambiri, zitsulo zolemera monga cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic ndi zitsulo zina zolemera zimatha kubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu. Kachiwiri, inki yokha ndi yomwe imapanga zinthuzo, inki imakhala ndi maulalo osiyanasiyana, utoto, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowonjezera, monga kuyeretsa, antistatic, plasticizers ndi zoopsa zina zachitetezo. Siziyenera kuloledwa kuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto wa zitsulo zolemera, glycol ether ndi ester compounds. Zosungunulira zitha kukhala ndi benzene, formaldehyde, methanol, phenol, zolumikizira zitha kukhala ndi toluene diisocyanate yaulere, utoto ukhoza kukhala ndi PCBs, aromatic amines ndi zina zotero.

(6) Zomatira
Chogwirira ntchito cha thumba lobweza nthunzi pogwiritsa ntchito guluu wa polyurethane wokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, chinthu chachikulu chili ndi mitundu itatu: polyel polyol, polyel polyol, polyel polyol. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zochiritsira: aromatic polyisocyanate ndi aliphatic polyisocyanate. Guluu wabwino kwambiri wothira nthunzi wopirira kutentha kwambiri uli ndi makhalidwe awa:

●Zolimba kwambiri, kukhuthala kochepa, komanso kufalikira bwino.

●Kumangirira bwino koyambirira, palibe kutayika kwa mphamvu ya zikopa pambuyo potentha, palibe kupangika kwa ngalande, palibe makwinya pambuyo potentha.

●Gulu lomatira ndi lotetezeka paukhondo, silili ndi poizoni komanso silinunkhiza.

●Kuthamanga kwachangu kwa zochita komanso nthawi yochepa yokhwima (mkati mwa maola 48 a zinthu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi pulasitiki ndi maola 72 a zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi pulasitiki).

●Kuchepa kwa kuvala, mphamvu yolumikizana kwambiri, mphamvu yotseka kutentha kwambiri, kukana kutentha bwino.

●Kukhuthala kochepa kwa dilution, kungakhale ntchito yolimba kwambiri, komanso kufalikira bwino.

●Ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zoyenera mafilimu osiyanasiyana.

●Kulimba bwino kukana (kutentha, chisanu, asidi, alkali, mchere, mafuta, zokometsera, ndi zina zotero).

Ukhondo wa zomatira umayamba ndi kupanga amine woyambirira wa aromatic PAA (amine woyambirira wa aromatic), womwe umachokera ku momwe mankhwala amachitira pakati pa aromatic isocyanates ndi madzi posindikiza inki ya zigawo ziwiri ndi zomatira zomatira. Kupangidwa kwa PAA kumachokera ku aromatic isocyanates, koma osati kuchokera ku aliphatic isocyanates, acrylics, kapena zomatira zochokera ku epoxy. Kupezeka kwa zinthu zosamalizidwa, zopanda mamolekyulu ambiri ndi zomatira zotsalira kungayambitsenso ngozi yachitetezo. Kupezeka kwa mamolekyu otsika osamalizidwa ndi zomatira zotsalira kungayambitsenso ngozi yachitetezo.

3. Kapangidwe kake ka thumba lophikira
Malinga ndi chuma, thupi ndi mankhwala a zinthuzi, nyumba zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophikira matumba.

Zigawo ziwiri: PET/CPP, BOPA/CPP, GL-PET/CPP.

Zigawo ZITATU: PET/AL/CPP, BOPA/AL/CPP, PET/BOPA/CPP,
GL-PET/BOPA/CPP,PET/PVDC/CPP,PET/EVOH/CPP,BOPA/EVOH/CPP

ZIGAWO ZINAYI: PET/PA/AL/CPP, PET/AL/PA/CPP

Kapangidwe ka zipinda zambiri.

Filimu yolumikizidwa ya PET/EVOH /CPP, Filimu yolumikizidwa ya PET/PVDC /CPP, Filimu yolumikizidwa ya PA/PVDC /CPP Filimu yolumikizidwa ya PET/EVOH, Filimu yolumikizidwa ya PA/PVDC

4. Kusanthula kwa kapangidwe ka thumba lophikira
Kapangidwe koyambira ka thumba lophikira kamakhala ndi gawo la pamwamba/gawo lapakati/gawo lotsekera kutentha. Gawo la pamwamba nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi PET ndi BOPA, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yothandizira mphamvu, kukana kutentha komanso kusindikiza bwino. Gawo lapakati limapangidwa ndi Al, PVDC, EVOH, BOPA, lomwe limagwira ntchito makamaka ngati chotchinga, choteteza kuwala, chophatikizana mbali ziwiri, ndi zina zotero. Gawo lotsekera kutentha limapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya CPP, EVOH, BOPA, ndi zina zotero. Kusankha gawo lotsekera kutentha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya CPP, PP yotulutsidwa ndi PVDC, filimu yotulutsidwa ndi EVOH, 110 ℃ pansi pa kuphika kumafunikanso kusankha filimu ya LLDPE, makamaka kuti igwire ntchito yotsekera kutentha, kukana kubowola, kukana mankhwala, komanso kusayamwa bwino kwa zinthuzo, ukhondo ndi wabwino.

4.1 PET/guluu/PE
Kapangidwe kameneka kangasinthidwe kukhala PA / guluu / PE, PE ingasinthidwe kukhala HDPE, LLDPE, MPE, kuwonjezera pa filimu yapadera ya HDPE yochepa, chifukwa cha kukana kutentha kwa PE, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matumba 100 ~ 110 ℃ kapena kuposerapo osawiritsidwa; guluu lingasankhidwe kuchokera ku guluu wamba wa polyurethane ndi guluu wowira, wosayenera kupakidwa nyama, chotchinga chake ndi chofooka, thumba limakhala ndi makwinya litaphwanyidwa, ndipo nthawi zina gawo lamkati la filimuyo limamatirana. Kwenikweni, kapangidwe kameneka ndi thumba lowiritsa kapena thumba lopaleshoni.

4.2 PET/guluu/CPP
Kapangidwe kameneka ndi kachitidwe ka thumba lophikira lowonekera bwino, zinthu zambiri zophikira zimatha kupakidwa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a chinthucho, mutha kuwona zomwe zili mkati, koma sizingapakidwe kuti mupewe kuwala kwa chinthucho. Chinthucho ndi chovuta kukhudza, nthawi zambiri chimafunika kumenyedwa ndi ngodya zozungulira. Kapangidwe ka chinthuchi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopanda kuipitsidwa ndi kutentha kwa 121 ℃, guluu wophikira wokhazikika komanso wophika wamba. Komabe, guluu ayenera kusankha kuchuluka kochepa kwa guluu, apo ayi guluu wocheperako umatha kusuntha inki, ndipo pali kuthekera kochotsa pulasitiki pambuyo poyiyika nthunzi.

4.3 BOPA/guluu/CPP
Iyi ndi matumba ophikira owonekera bwino omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophikira pa kutentha kwa 121 ℃, powonekera bwino, pogwira mofewa, komanso pokana kubowola. Chogulitsachi sichingagwiritsidwenso ntchito popewa kulongedza zinthu mopepuka.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha BOPA, pali zinthu zosindikizidwa zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kupanga mtundu wa utoto, makamaka inki yofiira yomwe imalowa pamwamba, kupanga inki nthawi zambiri kumafunika kuwonjezera chothandizira kuchiritsa. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa inki mu BOPA imakhala yotsika, komanso yosavuta kupanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi ndodo, makamaka m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Zinthu zomalizidwa theka ndi matumba omalizidwa omwe akukonzedwa ziyenera kutsekedwa ndikupakidwa.

4.4 KPET/CPP、KBOPA/CPP
Kapangidwe kameneka sikagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, mawonekedwe ake ndi abwino, ali ndi zotchinga zambiri, koma angagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha poyeretsa pansi pa 115 ℃, kukana kutentha kumakhala koipa pang'ono, ndipo pali kukayikira za thanzi lake ndi chitetezo chake.

4.5 PET/BOPA/CPP
Kapangidwe ka mankhwalawa ndi kamphamvu kwambiri, kowonekera bwino, kolimba bwino, chifukwa cha PET, kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa shrinkage ya BOPA ndi kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 121 ℃ ndi pansi pa phukusi la mankhwalawa.

Zomwe zili mu phukusili zimakhala ndi asidi kapena zamchere kwambiri posankha kapangidwe kameneka ka zinthu, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka aluminiyamu.

Guluu wakunja ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusankha guluu wophikidwa, mtengo wake ukhoza kuchepetsedwa moyenera.

4.6 PET/Al/CPP
Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira thumba lophikira losawonekera, malinga ndi inki zosiyanasiyana, guluu, CPP, kutentha kwa kuphika kuchokera ku 121 ~ 135 ℃ kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mu kapangidwe kameneka.

Kapangidwe ka PET/inki ya chinthu chimodzi/gulu lomatira lotentha kwambiri/Al7µm/gulu lomatira lotentha kwambiri/CPP60µm kakhoza kufika pa zofunikira pakuphika pa 121℃.

Inki ya PET/Zigawo ziwiri/Gulu lomatira lotentha kwambiri/Al9µm/Gulu lomatira lotentha kwambiri/Kapangidwe ka CPP70µm kotentha kwambiri kakhoza kukhala kotentha kwambiri kuposa 121℃, ndipo chotchingacho chimawonjezeka, ndipo nthawi yoti chigwiritsidwe ntchito imakulitsidwa, yomwe imatha kupitirira chaka chimodzi.

4.7 BOPA/Al/CPP
Kapangidwe kameneka kakufanana ndi kapangidwe ka 4.6 komwe kali pamwambapa, koma chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwakukulu kwa madzi ndi kuchepa kwa BOPA, sikoyenera kuphika kutentha kwambiri kuposa 121 ℃, koma kukana kubowola ndikwabwino, ndipo kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuphika kwa 121 ℃.

4.8 PET/PVDC/CPP、BOPA/PVDC/CPP
Kapangidwe ka chotchinga cha chinthuchi ndi kabwino kwambiri, koyenera kutentha kwa 121 ℃ ndi kutentha kotsatira, ndipo mpweya uli ndi zofunikira zambiri zotchinga cha chinthucho.

PVDC yomwe ili pamwambapa ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi EVOH, yomwe ilinso ndi zinthu zotchingira kwambiri, koma zinthu zake zotchingira zimachepa bwino ikayeretsedwa kutentha kwambiri, ndipo BOPA singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pamwamba, apo ayi zinthu zotchingira zimachepa kwambiri kutentha kukakwera.

4.9 PET/Al/BOPA/CPP
Iyi ndi njira yopangira matumba ophikira omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri omwe amatha kulongedza pafupifupi chilichonse chophikira ndipo amathanso kupirira kutentha kwa kuphika pa madigiri 121 mpaka 135 Celsius.